An open access article:
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Simons, J.S. et al. (2025). Psychological booster shots targeting memory increase long-term resistance against misinformation. Nature Communications, 16, Article 2062. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57205-x " We [...] report five pre-registered longitudinal experiments (Ntotal = 11,759) that investigate the effectiveness of psychological inoculation interventions over time as well as their underlying mechanisms. We find that text-based and video-based inoculation interventions can remain effective for one month—whereas game-based interventions appear to decay more rapidly—and that memory-enhancing booster interventions can enhance the diminishing effects of counter-misinformation interventions."
I have only skimmed this, but the boosters were short reminders of the original messages - they found that "threat"-focused boosters were not so effective. Also, it seems like having specific problems/content to engage with was helpful in prolonging retention.
Photo by Sheila Webber: beautiful yellow, scented azalea, May 2025
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